7pace Timetracker Settings: General Settings

Under Settings -> General -> Time and Format Settings, you can configure options such as the time format, first day of the week, first week of the year, and personal date and time formats throughout 7pace Timetracker.

This is what a 7pace Timetracker administrator will see when they expand the Time and Format Settings section:

A non-admin user will just see the following in the Time and Formats section:

Change the format for time entry

Time Format

Administrator Setting

Here, you can select the time format in which you want your time entry to display throughout 7pace Timetracker at anytime. 7pace Timetracker internally calculates the time and appropriately represents it in the selected format.

Note: For the time representation in decimal format, the time interval of 6 minutes is calculated as 1 point.

"0.0" (rounded): Displays the time in a default one decimal point format. For example, 2 hours and 35 minutes is represented as 2.6.
"0.00" (rounded): Displays the time in two decimal points format. For example, 2 hours and 35 minutesis represented as 2.58.
"00:00:00" HH:MM:SS (precise): Displays the time precisely in an hours, minutes, and seconds format. For example, 2 hours 35 minutes and 5 seconds is represented as 2:35:05.
"00:00" HH:MM (rounded up): Displays the time in hours and minutes format. For example, 2 hours 35 minutes and 5 seconds is represented as 2:36. In this format, the seconds are rounded up into minutes.

Change the first day of the week

First Day of the Week

Administrator Setting

With the Approval feature enabled by default, the first day of the week is also set to Monday. If you are using the Approval feature within 7pace Timetracker, you can't change the current first day of the week since the approval process has data based on weeks. Changing the first day of the week, in this case, resets Approval, which means that all data, such as weeks that are approved, pending, etc., fall back into an "In Progress" state. If you don't use the Approval feature, you can change the first day of the week and it will have little effect on your workflow.

For more information, see Settings: Approval Process Settings.

Change the first week of the year

First Week of the Year

Administrator Setting

You can set how you start or view the first calendar week of the year. This will be visible on Timetracker pages like Monthly or Times Explorer.

You can select from the following options:

Week containing first day of the year: The week regarded as the first week of the year is that which contains at least one day of the new year.
First full 7-day week in January: The week regarded as the first week of the year is that which contains 7 full days in the new year.
First 4-day week in January: The week regarded to be the first week of the year is that which contains at least 4 days of the new year.

Change the date format

Locale (Personal Settings)

Non-admin personal setting

If you don't want to choose Azure DevOps locale settings uncheck this selection and choose your own date format from the Date Format dropdown under Locale (Personal Settings). This date format will now display throughout 7pace Timetracker.

Please note: Time and Formats settings apply to Timetracker fields and interfaces only. Any DevOps-specific fields are not formatted by 7pace.

Change time format

Non-admin personal setting

If you don't want to choose Azure DevOps locale settings, uncheck this selection and choose your own date format from the Time Format dropdown under Locale (Personal Settings). This time format will now display throughout 7pace Timetracker.

Note: Time and Formats settings apply to 7pace Timetracker fields and interfaces only. Any DevOps-specific fields are not formatted by 7pace.

Rules

Note: Only a 7pace Timetracker administrator can see the Rules section of Settings

Under Settings -> General -> Rules, if you want to disallow tracking, you can prevent/forbid time entry beyond a certain day by disabling/blocking those day in the future, you can set tracking details, make adding a work item or comment mandatory when your team members add time, select the mode available on your Add Time dialog box when adding time, choose how many months of data load on the Times Explorer page, set what role can edit time entries other than the actual user, and you can make any worklogs billable by default.

Prevent time tracking in the future

Tracking Control Settings

Prevent Time Tracking Beyond Present Day lets you enable or disable time tracking for days in the future.

Here, you can manually type in the day(s) in the future that you want to allow users of 7pace Timetracker to be able to track time. If you set the interval to 0 days, users cannot track time beyond the present day. The default interval of 1 day indicates that you can track time today and tomorrow only.

Prevent Time Tracking on Closed Items

A 7pace Timetracker administrator can Prevent Time Entry Against Closed Items by enabling the checkbox, highlighted below:

This checkbox is not enabled by default. A 7pace Timetracker administrator must manually enable it if they wish to restrict time entry for their team on closed items. This will prevent users from tracking time, adding editing or deleting time on workitems that are closed on the Monthly, Timesheet, and Times Explorer pages, the Azure DevOps work item form, the integrated Web App found at the top of each 7pace Timetracker page, and the 7pace desktop app for Mac and Windows. You can set a "grace period" or amount of time (in hours) after an item is closed that your team can no longer add, edit or delete worklogs on that item.

Make a work item, comment or activity type mandatory

IMPORTANT: The ability to track time without associating that time to specific work items is set to ON by default to allow users to track time on non-work-related or impromptu items. Please select "Always require a work item" if you want all tracked time to be associated with a specific work item ID.

Tracking Details

Always require a work item

With this option enabled, users can only start tracking or can only add/edit time if a work item is provided for the worklog.

Always ask for tracking details

Here, you can make it mandatory for users to enter a comment and/or *activity type before tracking will commence.

*PLEASE NOTE: If you set activity type as required here, this forces users to manually select an activity type every time they add time or start tracking time. (enabling this resets any default Activity Type to [Not Set]) under Settings -> Activity Types.

The logic is that a user should not just use the default or their "favorite" activity type if activity types are required for time entry and logging. With activity type required enabled, it "forces" users to think about the activity type they want associated with each specific time entry and to make a deliberate choice instead of just using whatever the default is, which could lead to incorrect categorization of activity types when tracking or adding time.

Set up Global Filters on the "Add time" dialog

Global filters

As a 7pace Timetracker administrator, you can set default filters for your organization, implementing company-wide tracking rules.

You can set up filters according to Project, Status, and (work item) Type that will render specific outcomes in the search results within the Add Time Dialog.

Important: Global filters don't prevent your users from adding time on items matching the filter; the items just don't appear in the search in the "Add time" dialogue pop-up. Users can still temporarily adjust / remove these filters from the "Add time" dialog search when needed. When the page reloads, global filters settings will be renewed.Change the mode on the "Add time" dialog

Management of worklog settings

The following describes each mode and how the Add Time dialog popup displays, depending on how you configure it.

To configure the Add Time dialog box to display in the mode of your choice, you can choose from Timeframe mode, Duration mode or a combination of the two.

Timeframe Mode

When you select/configure Timeframe Mode the Add Time dialog opens with options to enter time with From and To fields, as well as Duration.

*Note that on the Times Explorer page, the name field can be a dropdown containing other team member's names, depending on your user role and configured settings.

Duration mode

When you select/configure Duration Mode, the "dd Time dialog opens with just the Duration field to specify the length of time you work.

In this mode, the From and To fields are not available. This mode is useful when the length of time worked is more important than the timeframe in which you work.

Allow both modes

When you select/configure Allow Both Modes, the Add Time dialog opens displaying a Timeframe toggle switch. Enabling the toggle switch option displays both From and To fields on the Add Time popup dialog (see screenshots, below), in addition to the Duration field. Disabling the toggle switch only displays the Duration field.

Select number of months that load on Times Explorer page

Times Explorer Pre-loaded Timeframe

On the Times Explorer page, data is pre-loaded into the memory of the browser. Here, you can select how many months, by default, should preload into memory, from 1 - 12 months.

Select role that can edit/delete others' time

Editing Time

Allow time to be edited by role other than user

This option allows you to give permissions to a specific role, and therefore, user(s), to edit other users' worklogs. Select the checkbox and from the dropdown list, select the role to which you want to give permissions for this.

Any worklogs edited by anyone other than the team member who originally tracked the time will show as “Edited by” on the Times Explorer page (when this specific column is selected from the "Columns" link to display on the grid). Additionally, when you hover over a new icon placed on a time track on the “Monthly” page’s details panel, you will see the name of the user who edited the track (specifically what has been changed will not display).

Set time tracks to billable by default

Billable Settings

With the Billable as Default checkbox enabled, every new worklog or track of time will be logged as billable (billable time = period length).

Work Item Automation

Note: Only a 7pace Timetracker administrator can see the Work Item Automation section of Settings

When you click on the Work Item Automation section of the Settings section, you can control the integration of 7pace Timetracker with the time management capabilities of DevOps Server/Services.

Important: In addition to enabling the settings, below, in order to make automatic completed/remaining work adjustment work, please ensure the following:

DevOps Services (cloud): Authorize 7pace Timetracker in DevOps Services
DevOps Server (on-prem): Set up a valid service account

This is what you will see when an administrator opens the Work Item Automation section:

Pace calculation

Select field used for "estimated effort"

The value in this field is used to calculate pace. Select the "estimated effort" field in the drop-down list so you can then view the effort and pace calculations on the "Iterations" page and in 7pace Timetracker reports.

The Pace in 7pace Timetracker for Azure DevOps measures the correlation between time spent and estimated effort. It is calculated by dividing the hours spent on the task by the effort.

Pace refers to the capacity of work that a team or individual completes. It is a measure of productivity that helps teams understand the complexity of work they can accomplish within a given time frame. By tracking pace, teams or individuals can predict future performance, make informed planning decisions, and adjust their workload to ensure consistent delivery. This metric is crucial in Agile environments, where it helps to balance workload, avoid burnout, and maintain a sustainable work rhythm.

Example Scenario:

Sprint Duration: 2 weeks
Total Time Spent: 80 hours
Total Story Points Completed: 20 Story Points
In this case:

This means that, on average, your team takes 4 hours to complete one Story Point.

Usage of Pace:

Sprint Planning: Use Pace to estimate how many Story Points your team can realistically complete in a sprint.
Performance Tracking: Monitor Pace over time to identify trends and make data-driven decisions for improving team productivity.

For additional questions on Work Item Automation, please check the Frequently Asked Questions article: How to utilize Completed and Remaining work, Original Estimate, Effort and Pace.

Estimated remaining time

Enable automatic reduction of remaining time for a work item field

If Enable automatic reduction of remaining time for a work item field is selected, the time tracked in 7pace Timetracker automatically reduces the chosen value in the Remaining Time field on your work item form. You can choose from a drop-down list that includes all fields as specified in the Work Item Template (WIT) that can be used with this feature. The field on the work item form remains fully writable by users, so it can be manually adjusted at any time.

For example, if the planned remaining time for a work item is 5 hours and a developer works for 2 hours on that work item, the Remaining Time field on on your work item form will be automatically reduced with the time that the developer spent on it to 3.

Please also keep in mind that when the Remaining time field reaches zero (0), it will not reduce any further.

Completed work

Enable filling in total tracked time for a work item field

If Enable filling in total tracked time for a work item field is selected, the time tracked in 7pace Timetracker automatically updates in the Completed Work field on the work item form. This field is also fully writable by users, and the value in this field will be always overwritten by 7pace Timetracker with the sum of worklogs from the database. You can choose from a drop-down list, which lists all fields as specified in the Work Item Template that can be used with this feature. If you track time on a work item, then the Completed Work field is automatically updated with the total time that is tracked or added for that work item by all team members.

For example, if a team member has remaining time on a work item of 5 hours, as we mentioned already, and then tracks 2 hours of time for a work item, the Completed Work field is automatically updated to 2.

7pace Timetracker uses the Completed Work field from DevOps Server/Services to display the completed hours for a work item.

Overwriting Completed Work: Before you configure Completed Work in 7pace Timetracker's Settings, if the corresponding DevOps Server/Services field already contains a value, then 7pace Timetracker will overwrite that value and keep updating the field based on your tracking and manual time adjustment. There is no option to prevent overwriting the original value in this field.

Work Item Automation and Custom Fields: You can create a new, custom field for a specific project in DevOps Server/Services, similar to the Completed Work field. You can then select this new field in 7pace Timetracker under Settings -> Work Item Automation-> "Completed Work" dropdown.

Apply & Copy to Other Projects

Completed and Remaining Work can be configured on a project basis. To apply these settings to multiple projects all at once, click the "Apply & Copy to Other Projects" button.

This opens the "Apply & Copy to Other Projects" popup window. Here, you can cherry-pick which projects you want to exhibit the same work item settings as the current one:

Time Tracking

Under Settings -> "Time Tracking", you can configure options for 7pace Timetracker for Windows or Mac App and Web App. "Time Tracker System Settings" are admin-only settings that are system-wide and are grayed out if a user doesn't have permissions to them. "Time Tracking Personal Settings" are for regular users of Timetracker.

This is what a 7pace Timetracker administrator will see when they expand the Time Tracking section:

* This screen shot is from 7pace Timetracker (cloud); 7pace Timetracker (on-prem) will look the same, with the exception of "Enable email notifications" (see below for further info).

A non-administrator user of 7pace Timetracker will see this screen:

How to set tracking limits

"Time Tracking System Settings"

Max single track length

Note: Only a 7pace Timetracker administrator can set the Max single track length; this section will be grayed out for non-admin users.

Here, you can set a number, in hours, at which your apps will stop tracking once this number has been exceeded. For example, if you set the maximum track length to "1" (hour), and you are tracking time on a work item, tracking will automatically stop once the one-hour mark has been exceeded.

How to enable automated activity checks when time tracking

"Time Tracking Personal Settings"

Enable activity check on time tracking

With this option enabled, the system will check in with you during time tracking to see if you are still tracking.

How to set how often activity check reminders display

You can set the amount of time, in minutes, that passes before the 7pace Timetracker system checks if you are still working on a current work item.

Standard Interval: Enter the number of minutes that you want to pass before the Timetracker apps display a user prompt to check if you are still tracking time on the current item.

How to set length of time in seconds that the activity check reminder displays

You can also set the amount of time, in seconds, to display the resulting time tracking prompt from whatever app(s) you are using.

Waiting Time: Enter the number of seconds you want to keep the Timetracker apps' user prompt message displayed, waiting for action from you. If you don't confirm that you are still tracking time within the defined time (by either continuing or stopping time tracking), tracking will stop due to "no response from user during activity check".

Approval Settings

Note: Only a 7pace Timetracker administrator will be able to see the Approval section of Settings.

Enable approval and set approval start date

1. Navigate to the "Settings" page of 7pace Timetracker, then under the General section, select "Approval".

2. Click the Approval Start Date field and select the date on the popup calendar from which you want to start using the approval functionality.

The page refreshes and changes are saved automatically. The approval feature is now enabled.

NOTE: Once you save the start date, you cannot change the first day of the week unless you want to reset all approval data. Similarly, all the weeks prior to the approval start date are automatically locked to all users for editing.

Lock weeks automatically after approval

Select the Lock Weeks Automatically check box to automatically lock the week for further editing after the timesheet for that week is approved or closed by a manager.

The page refreshes and the changes save automatically and all the weeks prior to your selected date will be locked for editing for all 7pace Timetracker users.

With this selection checked, when a manager approves or closes a timesheet for one of his/her users, that week is automatically locked so that user can no longer make any additional changes.

If this option is not selected, the "Lock" confirmation dialog box appears after a manager approves or closes a timesheet. The manager can then click "Lock" to lock the week or "Cancel" to leave it unlocked.

How to Submit a Timesheet in Advance

To allow your team to submit timesheets beyond the present week, enable the "Submit timesheet in advance" button.

Now, your team members will be able to submit their timesheets for weeks in the future on the Monthly and Timesheet pages.

How to Add an Approval Manager

A 7pace Timetracker administrator can create Approval Managers and Global Approval Managers who can view and approve the timesheets of their team members. Approval and Global Approval Managers can have any user role within 7pace Timetracker (they don't need administrator permissions) to approve time. Once set as an Approval or Global Approval Manager, these team members will be able to access the "Approval" page of 7pace Timetracker and view and approve timesheets accordingly.

Approval Managers can see and approve only those timesheets specifically submitted to them.

Global Approval Managers can see and/or approve all timesheets that have been submitted by members of the team (regardless of to whom they were submitted).

The "Unsubmitted" section of the "Approval" page is available/visible to any approval manager (both regular and global).

1. Navigate to the "Settings" page of 7pace Timetracker, then expand "General" and finally, "Approval".

2. Click the "Add Manager" button.

List of team members display.

Note: This list shows only users that already exist in 7pace Timetracker (user needs to open 7paceTimetracker at least once in order to appear in the users' list).

3. Click on the name of a team member.

The team member's name displays in the "Add Manager" field.

4. Click the blue "Add" button.

Your team member is added to the list of 7pace Timetracker managers who team members can select when sending time for approval. This Approval Manager will only see the timesheets submitted to him/her specifically when the "Approval" page is accessed. When a team member submits his/her time at the end of each week, he/she will now see this person's name in the list of potential Approval Manager names.

5. Click on the "Is Global" checkbox next to an approval manager's name.

This Global Approval Manager now has the ability to see all the submitted timesheets, regardless of to whom they were submitted, when they access the "Approval" page of 7pace Timetracker.

Change the first day of the week for time entry

1. Navigate to the "Settings" page of 7pace Timetracker, then expand "General" and finally, "Approval".

2. Click the Reset All Approval Data button to reset/clear approval data that is in either a submitted or approved state, which allows you to change the first day of the week for future time entry.

Important: This will delete all existing approval data from the database. If you confirm this action, all approval settings are then reset to their default values. However, worklogs are never deleted. It will reset the approval state only, so you'll just need to approve the timesheets again.

3. Select the “Reset” confirmation button.

4. Click "Apply" to save changes.

You can then change the first day of the week for time entry (which defaults to Monday).

Reminders & Notifications Settings

Reminders & Notifications

Under Settings -> General -> "Reminders & Notifications" under the "Reminders" tab, you can configure time entry settings that will send you an email reminder if you have logged less than a set number of hours per day or per week. You can send your reminder at a specific time (local time) the following day/week.

You can also configure settings to email you at a specific time to remind you to log time.

Finally, you can enable email reminders that will remind you to submit your timesheet (at the end or the beginning of the week).

Under Settings -> General -> "Reminders & Notifications" on the "Notifications" tab, a 7pace Timetracker administrator can enable email notifications for time tracking and approval under Notifications - System Settings. This section will be grayed out / disabled for non-administrator users of 7pace Timetracker.

Enable email notifications

Under Settings -> General -> Notifications -> Notifications - System Settings, click the "Enable email notifications" checkbox. With this enabled, the user will receive an email notification when tracking was stopped by the system due to no response from the user during those prompts.

*Important: Please note that in 7pace Timetracker (on-prem), this setting does not display here, but in the configuration tool.

Also note that the "Email to send notification" can be changed here: https://dev.azure.com/your-Devops-organization-name/_usersSettings/about

Enable email notifications on time tracking

Under Settings -> General -> Notifications -> Notifications - Personal Settings (Time Tracking Notifications), click the "Enable email notifications on time tracking" checkbox. With this option enabled, an email will be sent to the user when tracking is stopped by the system due to no response from the user.

Enable email notifications on timesheet approval

Under Settings -> General -> Notifications -> Notifications - Personal Settings (Approval Notifications), click the "Enable email notifications on timesheet approval" checkbox. With this option enabled, the user will be notified when their timesheet has been approved by their approval manager.

Enable email notifications on timesheet submittal

Under Settings -> General -> Notifications -> Notifications - Personal Settings (Approval Notifications), click the "Enable email notifications on timesheet submittal" checkbox. With this option enabled, Approval Managers will be notified via email when the team members assigned to them submit their timesheets.

How to enable activity types

Under "Settings" -> "General" -> "Activity Types", you can enable or disable "Activity Types" settings throughout 7pace Timetracker, enable or disable the ability of all users to change the "Activity Types" for all other users in "Times Explorer", add, edit or delete "Activity Types", and set the default activity type to be used throughout 7pace Timetracker. Activity Types allow you to categorize every worklog by an activity type (such as "Development", "Testing", "Design", "Documentation", etc.).

This is what you will see when you expand the "Activity Types" section, before "Activity Types" is enabled:

When you click on the "Enable 'Activity Type' feature" button any previously-added "Activity Types" will populate, along with the "All users can change 'Activity Type' for everyone in Times Explorer" checkbox, the ability to add, edit, delete activity types, as well as set the default activity type:

How to set the system default activity type

The "System Default" is only used if a regular user hasn't set their "Favorite" activity type in their own "Activity Type" settings. As an administrator, you can set your personal "My Favorite" activity type to be your personal default selection throughout 7pace Timetracker, and team members can do the same on their own "Activity Types" settings (see below).

Team members without admin access on their "Settings" page for "Activity Types" will see the "System Default" column as disabled/grayed out):

As an administrator, clicking the "System Default" checkbox makes that activity type the default choice throughout 7pace Timetracker for your users, until/unless they choose a "Favorite" activity type in their own "Activity Type" settings:

Clicking the default selection saves your choice automatically.

IMPORTANT: If you have activity type set as required under "Settings" -> Rules -> Tracking Details -> Require an activity type, this setting forces users to manually select an activity type every time they add time or start tracking time (enabling this resets any default Activity Type to [Not Set]).

The logic is that a user should not just use their "favorite" activity type if activity types are required for time entry and logging. With activity type required enabled, it "forces" users to think about the activity type they want associated with each specific time entry and to make a deliberate choice as opposed to just using whatever the default is.

How to allow users to change the activity type for your entire team

By default, you can edit all worklogs added by you, but you cannot edit time that was added by other users, unless under "Settings" -> "Rules" you select a user role that can edit time for others. With "All users can change 'Activity Type' for everyone in Times Explorer" enabled, the system allows all users to change the "Activity Type" for worklogs they normally couldn't (only on the "Times Explorer" page).

How to add a new activity type

Clicking on the "Add Activity Type" button displays the "Adding/Changing Activity Type" dialog box.

Here, you can "Enter an Activity Type name" in the corresponding field:

Clicking in the "Color" field allows you to add a color to your new activity type from the resulting spectrum:

Click "Save".

How to edit or delete an activity type

Hovering over an activity type row with your mouse displays the "edit" or "delete" icon options:

Clicking on the pencil "edit" icon displays the "Adding/Changing Activity Type" dialog box, with the existing fields already populated:

You can edit the existing activity type by changing its name and/or color. Clicking in the "Color" field allows you to edit the current color to a different one in the spectrum. Or you can make this the default activity type by clicking the "System Default" checkbox.

Click "Save" to maintain your changes or "Cancel" to disregard.

In the "Edit" column, when you click on the "trash can" icon, the following dialog box displays:

If there are worklogs assigned to this activity type, you can choose to assign a new activity type to them before deletion or select [Not Set]. You can then continue to delete the activity type or select the "Cancel" button to stop the deletion process.

Activity types within 7pace Timetracker's UI

With "Activity Type" enabled in "Settings", the "Activity Type" dropdown selection list displays on the "Add Time" dialog box when you add time on the "Monthly", "Timesheet", and "Times Explorer" pages, and within the work item "7pace Timetracker" tab's "Add Time" feature.

"Activity Type" will also display as a selection on the "Timesheet" page's "Add Time" list editor dialog box:

With this feature enabled, the "Monthly" page displays the corresponding "Activity Type" colors on each calendar day/square, and an "Activity Type" column is added in the time details panel when you click on a day/square:

On the "Times Explorer" page, you can select single or multiple worklogs and assign an activity type to them by clicking on the "Change Activity Type" button. The "Activity Type" column will display the various activity types added to each worklog if the user chooses to select this option:

You can also click on a worklog within the "Activity Type" column and change the activity type there as well.

With "Activity Types" enabled, the work item form's "7pace Timetracker" tab now reflects the "Activity Types" categorized for each work item:

The 7pace Timetracker Web App also features an "Activity Type" dropdown:

The 7pace Timetracker Windows and Mac App has an "Activity Types" dropdown as well.

Articles in this section

OUTDATED ARTICLE - for the latest version of this article, please navigate to: 7pace Timetracker Settings: General Settings

Customize time formats, global filters, set up pace, remaining time, completed work, time tracking activity checks, add approval managers and activity types

Intro - Time and Formats

Change the format for time entry

Change the first day of the week

Change the first week of the year

Change the date format

Change time format

Rules

Prevent time tracking in the future

Make a work item, comment or activity type mandatory

Set up Global Filters on the "Add time" dialog

Select number of months that load on Times Explorer page

Select role that can edit/delete others' time

Set time tracks to billable by default

Work Item Automation

Pace calculation

Usage of Pace:

Estimated remaining time

Completed work

Apply & Copy to Other Projects

Time Tracking

How to set tracking limits

How to enable automated activity checks when time tracking

How to set how often activity check reminders display

How to set length of time in seconds that the activity check reminder displays

Approval Settings

Enable approval and set approval start date

Lock weeks automatically after approval

How to Submit a Timesheet in Advance

How to Add an Approval Manager

Change the first day of the week for time entry

Reminders & Notifications Settings

Reminders & Notifications

Enable email notifications

Enable email notifications on time tracking

Enable email notifications on timesheet approval

Enable email notifications on timesheet submittal

How to enable activity types

How to set the system default activity type

How to allow users to change the activity type for your entire team

How to add a new activity type

How to edit or delete an activity type

Activity types within 7pace Timetracker's UI

Related articles